JOYCEAN PICS 2009
Limerick (Luimneach)
Contents of This Page


  [CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone
  King John's Castle
  St Mary's Cathedral (Limerick Cathedral)
  
CONTENTS 2009
   1  Glasgow IASIL 2009@University of Glasgow
   2  Glasgow (Glaschu) and Joyce
   3  Glasgow (Glaschu): miscellanea
   4  Edinburgh (Dun Eideann)
   5  New Lanark, South Lanarkshire
   6  Loch Lomond & The Trossachs National Park (Pairc Naiseanta Loch Laomainn is nan Troisichean)
   7  Oban (An t-Oban)
   8  Kilchurn Castle, Argyll and Bute
   9  Inveraray Castle (Caisteal Inbhir Aora), Argyll and Bute
  10  Glen Coe (Gleann Comhann), the Central Highlands
  11  Loch Lochy (Loch Lochaidh) and Loch Oich (Loch Omhaich) of the Caledonian Canal
  12  Loch Ness (Loch Nis) of the Caledonian Canal
  13  Inverness (Inbhir Nis)
  14  Dublin (Baile Atha Cliath) and Joyce
  15  Dublin (Baile Atha Cliath): miscellanea
  16  Moneygall (Muine Gall), County Offaly
  17  Limerick (Luimneach)
  18  The Burren (Boireann), County Clare
  19  Doolin (Dulainn), County Clare
  20  The Cliffs of Moher (Aillte an Mhothair), County Clare
  21  Connemara (Conamara)
  22  London and Joyce
  23  London: miscellanea
  24  Bognor Regis, West Sussex
  25  Sidlesham, West Sussex
  26  Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire

Limerick (Luimneach), Ireland
4 August, 2009


  Limerick (Irish: Luimneach) is the third largest city in the Republic of Ireland, and the principal city in County Limerick.  Limerick is the second-largest city in the province of Munster, an area which constitutes the midwest and southwest of Ireland.  Limerick is situated (and was initially founded on) several curves and islands of the River Shannon, which spreads into an estuary shortly after Limerick.  Road infrastructure features three main crossing points near the city centre, and in 2006 the Limerick urban area had a population of 91,000 [of whom 52,560 live within the city limits and 38,218 in the city's immediate environs in County Limerick and County Clare].  Limerick is one of the constituent cities of the Cork-Limerick-Galway corridor, which has a population of 1 million.
  Luimneach originally referred to the general area along the banks of the Shannon Estuary known as Loch Luimnigh.  The earliest settlement in the city, Inis Sibhtonn, was the original name for King's Island during the pre-Viking and Viking eras.  This island was also called Inis an Ghaill Duibh, The Dark(haired) Foreigner's Island.  The name is recorded in Viking sources as Hlymrekr.  The city dates from at least the Viking settlement in 812.  The Normans redesigned the city in the 12th century and added much of the most notable architecture, such as King John's Castle and St Mary's Cathedral.  During the civil wars of the 17th century the city played a pivotal role, besieged by Oliver Cromwell in 1651 and twice by the Williamites in the 1690s.  Limerick grew rich through trade in the late 18th century, but the Act of Union in 1800 and the famine caused a crippling economic decline broken only by the so-called Celtic Tiger in the 1990s.  (Extracted from the site of "Wikipedia")
  
  
  

  Father John Creagh began to attack the Jews in Limerick, January 1904, focusing on the Jews as usurers, and as a result the Jewish businesses were boycotted there for two years.  His attack was probably influenced by anti-Semitism during the Dreyfus Affair while he traveled to France.  The loss of livelihood forced some 75 percent of the Jewish residents in the Limerick Jewish community to leave, but the community reestablished itself during World War I after the hateful priest was finally forced out.
  On January 12, 1904, a boycott against the Jews of Limerick was incited by Father John Creagh, who in a sermon condemned the Jews as usurers and invoked the myth of ritual murder--the blood libel: "he [Arthur Griffith] knew there was a boycott" (U 18.0387).  The myth is alluded in Ulysses several times: U06.0770-72: Bloom thinks of the superstition that Jews kill Christian children in order to use their blood to make matzoth, the ritual unleavened bread eaten on Passover ; U17.0810-28: Stephen sings the ballad of Harry Hughes, in which a Jewish girl cuts off the head of a Christian boy.
  Arthur Griffith supported the Limerick "pogrom," publicizing his anti-Semitism in his articles on the Boer Wars, in which he aligned the Jews with the "Imperialist English" (the United Irishman, July 15, 1899).  Griffith also insisted that "the Three Evil Influences of the century were the Pirate, the Freemason and the Jew" (the United Irishman, September 23, 1899).  Griffith is employed in Ulysses essentially as a symbol of one branch of Irish nationalism.
  
  

 
  There are some references to Limerick in Joyce's works:
  
Critical Writings

  Nor is it any harder to understand why the Irish citizen is a reactionary and a Catholic, and why he mingles the names of Cromwell and Satan when he curses.  For him, the great Protector of civil rights is a savage beast who came to Ireland to propagate his faith by fire and sword.  He does not forget the sack of Drogheda and Waterford, nor the bands of men and women hunted down in the furthermost islands by the Puritan, who said that they would go 'into the ocean or into hell', nor the false oath that the English swore on the broken stone of Limerick.  How could he forget?  Can the back of a slave forget the rod?  The truth is that the English government increased the moral value of Catholicism when they banished it. ("35. Ireland, Island of Saints and Sages," 1907, CW 168)
  ...
   From the time of the Treaty of Limerick, or rather, from the time that it was broken by the English in bad faith, millions of Irishmen have left their native land.  These fugitives, as they were centuries ago, are called the wild geese.  They enlisted in all the foreign brigades of the powers of Europe -- France, Holland, and Spain, to be exact -- and won on many battlefields the laurel of victory for their adopted masters.  In America, they found another native land. In the ranks of the American rebels was heard the old Irish language, and Lord Mountjoy himself said in 1784, 'We have lost America through the Irish emigrants.'   Today, these Irish emigrants in the United States number sixteen million, a rich, powerful, and industrious settlement.  Maybe this does not prove that the Irish dream of a revival is not entirely an illusion ! ("35. Ireland, Island of Saints and Sages," 1907, CW 171)
  
  
Stephen Hero

The new student was named Madden and came from the county of Limerick. (SH ?V, p.25)
  
  
Ulysses

08.0558.  What do they be thinking about? Women too. Incredible. Last year
08.0559.  travelling to Ennis had to pick up that farmer's daughter's bag and hand it
08.0560.  to her at Limerick junction. Unclaimed money too. There's a little watch up
08.0561.  there on the roof of the bank to test those glasses by.
  
12.1239.  --Raimeis, says the citizen. There's no-one as blind as the fellow that won't
12.1240.  see, if you know what that means. Where are our missing twenty millions of
12.1241.  Irish should be here today instead of four, our lost tribes?  And our potteries
12.1242.  and textiles, the finest in the whole world!  And our wool that was sold in
12.1243.  Rome in the time of Juvenal and our flax and our damask from the looms
12.1244.  of Antrim and our Limerick lace, our tanneries and our white flint glass
12.1245.  down there by Ballybough and our Huguenot poplin that we have since
12.1246.  Jacquard de Lyon and our woven silk and our Foxford tweeds and ivory
12.1247.  raised point from the Carmelite convent in New Ross, nothing like it in the
12.1248.  whole wide world.  Where are the Greek merchants that came through the
  
12.1379.  --Ay, says John Wyse.  We fought for the royal Stuarts that reneged us
12.1380.  against the Williamites and they betrayed us.  Remember Limerick and the
12.1381.  broken treatystone.  We gave our best blood to France and Spain, the wild
12.1382.  geese.  Fontenoy, eh?  And Sarsfield and O'Donnell, duke of Tetuan in
12.1383.  Spain, and Ulysses Browne of Camus that was fieldmarshal to Maria
12.1384.  Teresa.  But what did we ever get for it?
  
  
Finnegans Wake

067.16.  who, he guntinued, on last epening after delivering some car-
067.17.  casses mattonchepps and meatjutes on behalf of Messrs Otto
067.18.  Sands and Eastman, Limericked, Victuallers, went and, with his
067.19.  unmitigated astonissment, hickicked at the dun and dorass against
067.20.  all the runes and, when challenged about the pretended hick (it
  (*Limerick" is "A light humorous, nonsensical, or bawdy verse of five anapestic lines usually with the rhyme scheme aabba. [ After Limerick.] (AHD 3rd ed.) )
  
444.35.  wiffriends?  Hay, dot's a doll yarn!  Mark mean then!  I'll homeseek
444.36.  you, Luperca as sure as there's a palatine in Limerick and in
445.01.  striped conference here's how.  Nerbu de Bios!  If you twos goes
  
  

  
Extracted from Louis O. Mink's A "Finnegans Wake" Gazetteer
(Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1978), p.384

  
  
LIMERICK. Co, Munsten pnov, and city on both banks of the Shannon R.  The dams (183.23) of the Shannon Hydmo-Eleetric Scheme are upstream from L City.  L is famous for hams and for the "Broken Treaty" of 1691 by which the city surrendered to Wm III's forces commanded by Ginkel.  A Gem colony from the Palatinate (qv) was settled btwn L City and Newcastle West in 1709.  Baronies: Clanwilliam, Upm and Lwm Connello, Coomagh, Coshlea, Coshma, Glenquim, Kenry,  Kilmallock, Owneybeg, N Liberties, Puddlebnien, Shanid, Small County.
  
  067.18  Otto Sands and Eastman, Limericked, Victualers
  183.23  limerick damns
  410.21  from franking machines, limricked
  434.21  ribbons of lace, limenick's disgrace
  444.36  as sure as there's a palatine in Limerick
  595.12  limericks
  
  

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Treaty Stone
  
   [CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd.  In memory of the 1691 treaty in which the English king William III guaranteed the Catholics' freedom and status after Battle of Boyne in 1690 (the Limerick Treaty 1691).  However, the English parliament never acknowledged the treaty and enacted the law of controlling the Irish Catholics: The English troops invaded the unarmed Ireland who believed the treaty.  Thus the stone became the symbol of England's betrayal. Joyce knew the treaty and this treaty stone very well: "Remember Limerick and the broken treatystone" (U 12.1380-81).  Cf. also "Ireland, Island of Saints and Sages," (1907, Critical Writings, pp. 168 &171; see above).
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 (Tuesday 4 August) [CW; U 12.1380-81] Information Board of the Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd.
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 (Tuesday 4 August) [CW; U 12.1380-81] Information Board of the Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd.
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 (Tuesday 4 August) [CW; U 12.1380-81] The plaque of the previous site of the Treaty Stone 1865-1990, Clancy Rd.
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 (Tuesday 4 August) [CW; U 12.1380-81] The previous site of the Treaty Stone 1865-1990, Clancy Rd.  See the above "lim2009-003."
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 (Tuesday 4 August) [CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd.
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 (Tuesday 4 August) [CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd.
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 (Tuesday 4 August) [CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd.
  
  
   
King John's Castle
  
   King John's Castle is a castle located on King's Island in Limerick, Ireland, next to the River Shannon.  The walls, towers and fortifications remain today, and are a visitor attraction. The remains of a Viking settlement were uncovered during the construction of a visitor centre at the site.
  The Viking sea-king, Thormodr Helgason, built the first permanent Viking stronghold on Inis Sibhtonn (King's Island) in 922.  He used the base to raid the length of the River Shannon from Lough Derg to Lough Ree, pillaging ecclesiastical settlements.  In 937 the Limerick Vikings clashed with those of Dublin on Lough Ree and were defeated.  In 943 they were defeated again when the chief of the local Dalcassian clan joined with Ceallachan, king of Munster and the Limerick Vikings were forced to pay tribute to the clans.  The power of the Vikings never recovered, and they reduced to the level of a minor clan, however often playing pivotal parts in the endless power struggles of the next few centuries.
  The arrival of the Anglo-Normans to the area in 1172 changed everything.  Domhnall Mor O'Brien burned the city to the ground in 1174 in a bid to keep it from the hands of the new invaders.   The Anglo-Normans finally captured the area in 1195, under John, Lord of Ireland.  In 1197 local legend claims Limerick was given its first charter and its first Mayor, Adam Sarvant.  A castle, built on the orders of King John and bearing his name, was completed around 1200.  Under the general peace imposed by the Norman rule, Limerick prospered as a port and trading center.  By this time the city was divided into an area became known as "English Town" on King's Island, while another settlement, named "Irish Town" had grown on the south bank of the river.
  The walls of the castle were severely damaged in the Siege of Limerick 1642, the first of five sieges of the city in the 17th century.  In 1642, the castle was occupied by Protestants fleeing the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and was besieged by an Irish Confederate force under Garret Barry.  Barry had no siege artillery so he undermined the walls of King John's Castle by digging away their foundations. Those inside surrendered just before Barry collapsed the walls.  However, such was the damage done to the wall's foundations that a section of them had to be pulled down afterwards.  (Extracted from the site of "Wikipedia")
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 (Tuesday 4 August) Thomond Bridge across River Shannon near King John's Castle.  This historical bridge was the scene of a failed defending of the city during the Siege of Limerick.
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 (Tuesday 4 August) Thomond Bridge and King John's Castle over River Shannon
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 (Tuesday 4 August) King John's Castle over River Shannon
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 (Tuesday 4 August) King John's Castle over River Shannon
  
  
   
St. Mary's Cathedral
  
   St Mary's Cathedral, also known as Limerick Cathedral, is the Church of Ireland cathedral in Limerick, Ireland, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary.  In 1111, at the Synod of Rathbrassil, it was decided that "St Mary's church" would become the cathedral church of the Diocese of Limerick.  The present site of St Mary's Cathedral may not have been the original location of the church of St Mary.  As Brian Hodkinson notes, tradition has it that Donal O'Brien, the King of Thomond, founded the present cathedral on the site of his palace on King's Island in the latter half of the 12th century.
  It was founded in 1168 on the site of a palace donated by Donal Mor O'Brien, King of Munster.  The Irish Government commissioned a postage stamp to commemorate its 800 year anniversary in 1968.  Experts believe that parts of the palace are incorporated into the present structure of the building.  The most prominent is the West Door which may have been the original main entrance to the royal palace.  It is believed that the palace had been built on the site of the Viking meeting house.  This had been the centre of government in the early medieval Viking city.  St Mary's Cathedral has seen many changes as the city has expanded around it.  Today it remains the oldest and most historic building in Limerick.  Limerick Cathedral has the only complete set of misericords left in Ireland.  The ancient West Door of the cathedral is only used now on ceremonial occasions.  The Bishops of Limerick (including the current Bishop Trevor Williams) have for centuries knocked on this door and enter by it as part of their installation ceremony.  In keeping with the City of Limerick motto Urbs Antiqua Fuit Studiisque Asperrima Belli (An ancient city well versed in the arts of war), legend has it that in the past the West Door had a more military purpose.  During the many sieges of Limerick the defenders of the City used the stones around the door to sharpen their swords and arrows. Tradition also has it that the marks they made in the stonework can be seen there to this day.
  It is also believed that in 1651, after Oliver Cromwell's forces captured the City, the Cathedral was used as a stable by the parliamentary army.  This misuse was short lived, but was a similar fate to that suffered by some of the other great Cathedrals during the Cromwellian campaign in Ireland.  (Extracted from the site of "Wikipedia")
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 (Tuesday 4 August) St. Mary's Cathedral zoomed up over River Shannon




        


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