Until 1663 St. Stephen’s Green was a marshy common on the edge of Dublin, used for grazing. In that year Dublin Corporation, seeing an opportunity to raise much needed revenue, decided to enclose the centre of the common and to sell land around the perimeter for building. The park was enclosed with a wall in 1664. The houses built around the Green were rapidly replaced by new buildings in the Georgian style and by the end of the eighteenth century the Green was a place of resort for the better-off of the city. Much of the present-day landscape of the square comprises modern buildings, some in a replica Georgian style, and relatively little survives from the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1814 control of St. Stephen’s Green park passed to Commissioners for the local householders, who redesigned its layout and replaced the walls with railings. Access was restricted to local residents, until 1877, when Parliament passed an Act to reopen St. Stephen’s Green to the public, at the initiative of Sir A.E. Guinness, a member of the Guinness brewing family who lived at St. Anne's Park, Raheny and at Ashford Castle. He later paid for the laying out of the Green in approximately its current form, which took place in 1880, and gave it to the Corporation, as representatives of the people. During the Easter Rising of 1916, a group of insurgents made up mainly of members of the Irish Citizen Army, under the command of Commandant Michael Mallin and his second-in-command Constance Markievicz, established a position in St. Stephen's Green. They numbered between 200-250. They confiscated motor vehicles to establish road blocks on the streets that surround the park, and dug defensive positions in the park itself. This approach differed from that of taking up positions in buildings, adopted elsewhere in the city. It proved to have been unwise when elements of the British Army took up positions in the Shelbourne Hotel, at the northeastern corner of St. Stephen's Green, overlooking the park, from which they could shoot down into the entrenchments. Finding themselves in a weak position, the Volunteers withdrew to the Royal College of Surgeons on the west side of the Green. During the Rising fire was temporarily halted to allow the park's groundsman to feed the local ducks. (Cited from the site of "Wikipedia")
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James Joyce wrote two essays on Mangan (1902/1907), and also used his name in his works, e.g. "Araby" in Dubliners. The significance, it is said, lies in part in Joyce's reluctance to acknowledge influence from the Irish literary tradition: he was otherwise chary of adopting any artistic predecessors.
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Joyce mentioned him several times:
A tide began to surge beneath the calm surface of Stephen's friendliness. This race and this country and this life produced me, he said. I shall express myself as I am.
--Try to be one of us, repeated Davin. In your heart you are an Irishman but your pride is too powerful.
--My ancestors threw off their language and took another, Stephen said. They allowed a handful of foreigners to subject them. Do you fancy that I am going to pay in my own life and person debts they made? What for?
--For our freedom, said Davin.
--No honourable and sincere man, said Stephen, has given up to you his life and his youth and his affections from the days of Wolfe Tone to those of Parnell, but you sold him to the enemy or failed him in need or reviled him and left him for another. And you invite me to be one of you. I'd see you damned first.
--They died for their ideals, Stevie, said Davin. Our day will come yet, believe me.
Stephen, following his own thought, was silent for an instant...
...When the soul of a man is born in this country there are nets flung to hold it back from flight. You talk to me of nationality, language, religion. I shall try to fly by those nets ... Ireland is the old sow that eats her farrow. (P V;207-208)
See also "Ireland, Island of Saints and Sages" (1907) and Ulysses 12.0498-502, etc.
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He was an Irish nationalist rebel leader. He led an abortive rebellion against British rule in 1803 and was captured, tried and executed.
Joyce mentioned him several times:
"Ireland, Island of Saints and Sages" (1907)
"Fenianism: THE LAST FENIAN" (Il Piccolo della Sera, March 22, 1907)
06.0977. Who lives there? Are laid the remains of Robert Emery. Robert
06.0978. Emmet was buried here by torchlight, wasn't he? Making his rounds.
10.0764. Down there Emmet was hanged, drawn and quartered. Greasy black
10.0765. rope. Dogs licking the blood off the street when the lord lieutenant's wife
10.0766. drove by in her noddy.
11.1275. Robert Emmet's last words. Seven last words. Of Meyerbeer that is.
11.1276. --True men like you men.
12.0498. And the citizen and Bloom having an argument about the point, the
12.0499. brothers Sheares and Wolfe Tone beyond on Arbour Hill and Robert
12.0500. Emmet and die for your country, the Tommy Moore touch about Sara
12.0501. Curran and she's far from the land. And Bloom, of course, with his
12.0502. knockmedown cigar putting on swank with his lardy face. Phenomenon!
013.33: 1132 A.D. Men like to ants or emmets wondern upon a groot
013.34: hwide Whallfisk which lay in a Runnel. Blubby wares upat Ub-
013.35: lanium.
136.14: he appeared to his shecook as Haycock, Emmet, Boaro, Toaro,
417.21: as intimate could pinchably be. Emmet and demmet and be jiltses
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William Butler Yeats (13 June 1865 - 28 January 1939) was an Irish poet and dramatist and one of the foremost figures of 20th century literature. A pillar of both the Irish and British literary establishments, in his later years Yeats served as an Irish Senator for two terms. He was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival, and along with Lady Gregory and Edward Martyn founded the Abbey Theatre, and served as its chief during its early years. In 1923, he was awarded a Nobel Prize in Literature for what the Nobel Committee described as "inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation" and he was the first Irishman so honored. Yeats is generally considered one of the few writers whose greatest works were completed after being awarded the Nobel Prize; such works include The Tower (1928) and The Winding Stair and Other Poems (1929).
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Joyce's novels include several references to Ardilaun, as Joyce considered him to be a prime example of conventional respectability.
He went off to get more signatures for the Tsar while Cranly and Stephen went out into the garden. The ball-alley was deserted so they arranged a match of twenty, Cranly allowing Stephen seven points. Stephen had not had much practice at the game and so he was only seventeen when Cranly cried out 'Game Ball.' He lost the second game also. Cranly was a strong, accurate player but Stephen thought too heavy of foot to be a brilliant one. While they were playing Madden came into the alley and sat down on an old box. He was much more excited than either of the players and kept kicking the box with his heels and crying out "Now, Cranly! Now, Cranly!" "But it, Stevie!" Cranly who had to serve the third game put the ball over the side of the alley into Lord Iveagh's grounds and the game had to wait while he went in search of it. Stephen sat down on his heels beside Madden and they both looked up at the figure of Cranly who was holding on to the netting and making signals to one of the gardeners from the top of the wall. Madden took out smoking materials: (SH XXI, p.115)
05.303. Henry Flower. You could tear up a cheque for a hundred pounds in
05.304. the same way. Simple bit of paper. Lord Iveagh once cashed a sevenfigure
05.305. cheque for a million in the bank of Ireland. Shows you the money to be
05.306. made out of porter. Still the other brother lord Ardilaun has to change his
05.307. shirt four times a day, they say. Skin breeds lice or vermin. A million
05.308. pounds, wait a moment. Twopence a pint, fourpence a quart, eightpence a
05.309. gallon of porter, no, one and fourpence a gallon of porter. One and four
05.310. into twenty: fifteen about. Yes, exactly. Fifteen millions of barrels of porter.
12.0280. Terence O'Ryan heard him and straightway brought him a crystal
12.0281. cup full of the foamy ebon ale which the noble twin brothers Bungiveagh
12.0282. and Bungardilaun brew ever in their divine alevats,* cunning as the sons of
12.0283. deathless Leda.
*The porter brewed by him and his brother Lord Iveagh was - "a crystal cup full of the foamy ebon ale which the noble twin brothers Bungiveagh and Bungardilaun brew ever in their divine alevats" (U 12.0280-82) "Bung" referred to the stopper in a wooden barrel of beer. The breasts of a girl who is undressing are "Two ardilauns," meaning "two high islands," a play on the Gaelic meaning of the word. (Referred to the site of "Wikipedia")
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The river was previously named An Ruirthech, meaning "fast (or strong) runner." The word Liphe (or Life) referred originally to the name of the plain through which the river ran, but eventually came to refer to the river itself. It was also known as the Anna Liffey, possibly from an Anglicization of Abhainn na Life, the Irish phrase that translates into English as River Liffey. (Referred to the site of "Wikipedia")
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10.0294. A skiff, a crumpled throwaway, Elijah is coming, rode lightly down
10.0295. the Liffey, under Loopline bridge, shooting the rapids where water chafed
10.0296. around the bridgepiers, sailing eastward past hulls and anchorchains,
10.0297. between the Customhouse old dock and George's quay.
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286.11: hucksler, Wellington's Iron Bridge, and so, by
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The Four Courts were seized by Commandant Ned Daly's 1st Battalion during the Easter Rising in 1916. They survived the bombardment by British artillery that destroyed large parts of the city centre. In April 1922 they were occupied by Republican forces led by Rory O'Connor who opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty. After several months of a stand-off, the new Provisional Government attacked the building to dislodge the rebels, on the advice of the Commander-in-Chief of the Irish Army, Michael Collins. This provoked a week of fighting in Dublin. In the process of the bombardment the historic building was destroyed. Most dramatically however, when the anti-Treaty contingent were surrendering, the west wing of the building was obliterated in a huge explosion, destroying the Irish Public Record Office which was located at the rear of the building. It has been alleged that the Republicans deliberately booby-trapped its priceless Irish archives, which were stored in the basement of the Four Courts. Nearly one thousand years of irreplaceable archives were destroyed by this act. However, the insurgents, who included future Irish Taoiseach Sean Lemass denied this accusation and argued that while they had used the archive as a store of their ammunition, they had not deliberately mined it. They suggest that that the explosion was caused by the accidental detonation of their ammunition store during the fighting. For a decade, the old courts system (until 1924), then the new Free State courts system, was based in the old viceregal apartments in Dublin Castle. In 1932, a rebuilt and remodeled Four Courts was opened again.
Though one of Dublin's most notable and impressive buildings, the Four Courts was for many decades poorly maintained. Its exterior still shows the effects of the events of 1922, with its facade containing bullet holes, which deliberately were not removed to remind people of its complex history. (Cited from the site of "Wikipedia")
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Oliver Joseph St John Gogarty (August 17, 1878 - September 22, 1957) was an Irish poet, author, otolaryngologist, athlete, politician, and well-known conversationalist, who served as the inspiration for Buck Mulligan in Ulysses. Like Joyce he was educated at Clongowes Wood College for a time (1896-1898), and in 1898 he switched to the medical school at Trinity College.
A highly-visible and distinctive Dublin character during his lifetime, Gogarty appears in a number of memoirs penned by his contemporaries, notably George Moore's Hail and Farewell, where he goes both by his own name and by the pseudonym "Conan." His most famous literary incarnation, however, is as Buck Mulligan, the irrepressible roommate of Stephen Dedalus in James Joyce's Ulysses. Mulligan quotes a number of songs and poems known to have been written by Gogarty, the most famous of which, "The Song of the Cheerful (But Slightly Sarcastic) Jesus," was originally sent to Joyce as a belated Christmas peace offering after their quarrels of 1904. Other details, such as Mulligan's Hellenism, his status as a medical student, his history of saving men from drowning, his friendship with George Moore, and the metrical arrangement of his full name (Malachi Roland St. John Mulligan) parallel Gogarty's biography. The living arrangements of Mulligan and Stephen, however, differ sharply from those of Joyce and Gogarty; in Ulysses, Stephen Dedalus is the rentpayer and breadwinner of the Martello Tower off whom Mulligan carelessly sponges, an almost complete reversal of Joyce and Gogarty's actual positions during the summer of 1904. Due to his influence on Joyce (he is also sometimes cited as an inspiration for Dubliners character Ignatius Gallagher and Exiles antagonist Robert Hand), Gogarty's name often comes up in Joyce scholarship, though Gogarty's own editors and biographers complain that these references are frequently inaccurate, owing to Gogarty-related errata in Richard Ellmann's biography James Joyce (1959/1982) and a tendency to conflate the real-life Gogarty with the fictional character of Buck Mulligan. (Cited from the site of "Wikipedia")
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The estate began in 1185, when Richard Talbot, a knight who accompanied Henry II to Ireland in 1174, was granted the "lands and harbour of Malahide." The oldest parts of the castle date back to the 12th century and it was home to the Talbot family for 791 years, from 1185 until 1976, the only exception being the period from 1649-1660, when Oliver Cromwell granted it to Miles Corbet after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland; Corbet was hanged following the demise of Cromwell, and the castle was restored to the Talbots. The building was notably enlarged in the reign of Edward IV, and the towers added in 1765. The estate survived such losses as the Battle of the Boyne, when fourteen members of the owner's family sat down to breakfast in the Great Hall, and all were dead by evening, and the Penal Laws, even though the family remained Roman Catholic until 1774.
In the 1920s the private papers of James Boswell were discovered in the castle, and sold to American collector Ralph H. Isham by Boswell's great-great-grandson Lord Talbot of Malahide. Malahide Castle and Demesne was eventually inherited by the seventh Baron Talbot and on his death in 1973, passed to his sister, Rose. In 1975, Rose sold the castle to the Irish State, partly to fund inheritance taxes. Many of the contents, notably furnishings, of the castle, had been sold in advance, leading to considerable public controversy, but private and governmental parties were able to retrieve some. (Quoted from the site of "Wikipedia")
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Howth is located on the peninsula of Howth Head, which begins around 13 kilometers (8.1 mi) east-north-east of Dublin city, on the north side of Dublin Bay. The village itself is located 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) from Dublin city centre (the ninth of a series of milestones from the GPO is in the village itself), and spans most of the northern part of Howth Head, which is connected to the rest of Dublin via a narrow strip of land (or tombolo) at Sutton Cross. (Referred to the site of "Wikipedia")
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The plant is located on the Poolbeg peninsula in Ringsend, Dublin, on the south bank of Dublin Port. Its two chimneys, at just over 207 meters, are visible over much of Dublin, particularly Sandymount Strand, making them well-known landmarks and some of the tallest structures in Ireland.
Poolbeg is situated adjacent to the now-decommissioned Pigeon House generating station, where electricity was first generated in 1903. The Pigeon House was previously a military barracks and the officers accommodation building still exists. It was used for power generation until it was decommissioned in 1976, and the Poolbeg plant is still known locally as the Pigeon House.
The thermal station chimneys are among the tallest structures in Ireland and are visible from most of Dublin city. (Cited from the site of "Wikipedia")
03.0158. He halted. I have passed the way to aunt Sara's. Am I not going
03.0159. there? Seems not. No-one about. He turned northeast and crossed the
03.0160. firmer sand towards the Pigeonhouse.
03.0282. The flood is following me. I can watch it flow past from here. Get
03.0283. back then by the Poolbeg road to the strand there. He climbed over the
03.0284. sedge and eely oarweeds and sat on a stool of rock, resting his ashplant in a
03.0285. grike.
12.1840. salute as were also those of the electrical power station at the Pigeonhouse
12.1841. and the Poolbeg Light. Visszontlatasra, kedves baratom! Visszontlatasra!
12.1842. Gone but not forgotten.
046.21: Where from? roars Poolbeg. Cookingha'pence, he bawls Donnez-
046.22: [moi scampitle, wick an wipin'fampiny
197.31: gran Phenician rover. By the smell of her kelp they made the
197.32: pigeonhouse. Like fun they did! But where was Himself, the
197.33: timoneer? That marchantman he suivied their scutties right over
197.34: the wash, his cameleer's burnous breezing up on him, till with
197.35: his runagate bowmpriss he roade and borst her bar. Pilcomayo!
215.01: them. Is that the Poolbeg flasher beyant, pharphar, or a fireboat
215.02: coasting nyar the Kishtna or a glow I behold within a hedge or
215.03: my Garry come back from the Indes? Wait till the honeying of
444.23: well for you, so I will well for you, if you don't keep a civil tongue
444.24: in your pigeonhouse. The pleasures of love lasts but a fleeting but
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