Atelier Aterui: Image Index: Limerick

JOYCEAN PICS 2005

Limerick

Contents of This Page
  Limerick Station
  People's Park
  St. John Cathedral, John Square
  Irish Town City Wall Park
  Milk Market, Com Market Row
  East Side of the Shannon River
  King John's Castle
  River Shannon
  [CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone

CONTENTS 2005

1	Prague IASIL 2005

2	Prague, Jews and Joyce

3	Prague: miscellanea

4	Ceske Budejovice (Post-Conference Tour)

5	Cesky Krumlov (Post-Conference Tour)

6	Trebon (Post-Conference Tour)

7	Jindrichuv Hradec (Post-Conference Tour)

8	Cervena Lhota (Post-Conference Tour)

9	Dublin and Joyce

10	Dublin: miscellanea

11	Limerick

12	Galway

13	Inis Oirr, the Aran Islands

Cork

15	Blarney

16	Belfast

Limerick

4 August 2005

  Like most Irish coastal towns, the fourth biggest Irish city Limerick was originally a 9th-century Danish settlement.  In 1691, the Irish retreated to the walled city of Limerick after the Battle of Boyne.  They were besieged by William of Orange, who made three unsuccessful attempts to storm the city but then raised the siege and marched away.  A year later, another of William's armies overtook the city for tow months, and the Irish opened negotiations.  The resulting Treaty of Limerick was never ratified -- it guaranteed religious tolerance -- and 11,000 men of the Limerick garrison joined the French army rather than fight in a Protestant "Irish" army.  St. Mary's Cathedral on Bridge Street, once a 12th-century palace, features pilasters and a rounded Romanesque entrance that were part of the original structure.
  Nicholas Street, behind the cathedral, leads to Castle Street and the entrance to the newly restored King John's Castle, built by the Normans in the 13th century.  Its north side still bears traces of the 1691 bombardment.  If you climb the drum towers, you'll have the good view of the town and the Shannon.
  The old part of Limerick is in this area around the cathedral and the castle, dominated by mid-18th-century buildings with fine Georgian proportions. (Ed. Caroline V. Haberfeld, Fodor's Ireland 1995, New York: Fodor's Travel Publications, Inc., 1994).



  Father John Creagh began to attack the Jews in Limerick, January 1904, focusing on the Jews as usurers, and as a result the Jewish businesses were boycotted there for two years.  His attack was probably influenced by anti-Semitism during the Dreyfus Affair while he traveled to France.  The loss of livelihood forced some 75 percent of the Jewish residents in the Limerick Jewish community to leave, but the community reestablished itself during World War I after the hateful priest was finally forced out.
  On January 12, 1904, a boycott against the Jews of Limerick was incited by Father John Creagh, who in a sermon condemned the Jews as usurers and invoked the myth of ritual murder--the blood libel: "he [Arthur Griffith] knew there was a boycott" (U 18.0387).  The myth is alluded in Ulysses several times: U06.0770-72: Bloom thinks of the superstition that Jews kill Christian children in order to use their blood to make matzoth, the ritual unleavened bread eaten on Passover ; U17.0810-28: Stephen sings the ballad of Harry Hughes, in which a Jewish girl cuts off the head of a Christian boy.
  Arthur Griffith supported the Limerick "pogrom," publicizing his anti-Semitism in his articles on the Boer Wars, in which he aligned the Jews with the "Imperialist English" (the United Irishman, July 15, 1899).  Griffith also insisted that "the Three Evil Influences of the century were the Pirate, the Freemason and the Jew" (the United Irishman, September 23, 1899).  Griffith is employed in Ulysses essentially as a symbol of one branch of Irish nationalism.



  There are some references to Limerick in Joyce's works:

Critical Writings
  Nor is it any harder to understand why the Irish citizen is a reactionary and a Catholic, and why he mingles the names of Cromwell and Satan when he curses.  For him, the great Protector of civil rights is a savage beast who came to Ireland to propagate his faith by fire and sword.  He does not forget the sack of Drogheda and Waterford, nor the bands of men and women hunted down in the furthermost islands by the Puritan, who said that they would go 'into the ocean or into hell', nor the false oath that the English swore on the broken stone of Limerick.  How could he forget?  Can the back of a slave forget the rod?  The truth is that the English government increased the moral value of Catholicism when they banished it. ("35. Ireland, Island of Saints and Sages," 1907, CW 168)
  ...
   From the time of the Treaty of Limerick, or rather, from the time that it was broken by the English in bad faith, millions of Irishmen have left their native land.  These fugitives, as they were centuries ago, are called the wild geese.  They enlisted in all the foreign brigades of the powers of Europe -- France, Holland, and Spain, to be exact -- and won on many battlefields the laurel of victory for their adopted masters.  In America, they found another native land. In the ranks of the American rebels was heard the old Irish language, and Lord Mountjoy himself said in 1784, 'We have lost America through the Irish emigrants.'   Today, these Irish emigrants in the United States number sixteen million, a rich, powerful, and industrious settlement.  Maybe this does not prove that the Irish dream of a revival is not entirely an illusion ! ("35. Ireland, Island of Saints and Sages," 1907, CW 171)


Stephen Hero
The new student was named Madden and came from the county of Limerick. (SH ?V, p.25)


Ulysses
08.0558.  What do they be thinking about? Women too. Incredible. Last year
08.0559.  travelling to Ennis had to pick up that farmer's daughter's bag and hand it
08.0560.  to her at Limerick junction. Unclaimed money too. There's a little watch up
08.0561.  there on the roof of the bank to test those glasses by.

12.1239.  --Raimeis, says the citizen. There's no-one as blind as the fellow that won't
12.1240.  see, if you know what that means. Where are our missing twenty millions of
12.1241.  Irish should be here today instead of four, our lost tribes?  And our potteries
12.1242.  and textiles, the finest in the whole world!  And our wool that was sold in
12.1243.  Rome in the time of Juvenal and our flax and our damask from the looms
12.1244.  of Antrim and our Limerick lace, our tanneries and our white flint glass
12.1245.  down there by Ballybough and our Huguenot poplin that we have since
12.1246.  Jacquard de Lyon and our woven silk and our Foxford tweeds and ivory
12.1247.  raised point from the Carmelite convent in New Ross, nothing like it in the
12.1248.  whole wide world.  Where are the Greek merchants that came through the

12.1379.  --Ay, says John Wyse.  We fought for the royal Stuarts that reneged us
12.1380.  against the Williamites and they betrayed us.  Remember Limerick and the
12.1381.  broken treatystone.  We gave our best blood to France and Spain, the wild
12.1382.  geese.  Fontenoy, eh?  And Sarsfield and O'Donnell, duke of Tetuan in
12.1383.  Spain, and Ulysses Browne of Camus that was fieldmarshal to Maria
12.1384.  Teresa.  But what did we ever get for it?


Finnegans Wake
067.16.  who, he guntinued, on last epening after delivering some car-
067.17.  casses mattonchepps and meatjutes on behalf of Messrs Otto
067.18.  Sands and Eastman, Limericked, Victuallers, went and, with his
067.19.  unmitigated astonissment, hickicked at the dun and dorass against
067.20.  all the runes and, when challenged about the pretended hick (it
  (*Limerick" is "A light humorous, nonsensical, or bawdy verse of five anapestic lines usually with the rhyme scheme aabba. [ After Limerick.] (AHD 3rd ed.) )

444.35.  wiffriends?  Hay, dot's a doll yarn!  Mark mean then!  I'll homeseek
444.36.  you, Luperca as sure as there's a palatine in Limerick and in
445.01.  striped conference here's how.  Nerbu de Bios!  If you twos goes




Extracted from Louis O. Mink's A "Finnegans Wake" Gazetteer
(Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1978), p.384


LIMERICK. Co, Munsten pnov, and city on both banks of the Shannon R.  The dams (183.23) of the Shannon Hydmo-Eleetric Scheme are upstream from L City.  L is famous for hams and for the "Broken Treaty" of 1691 by which the city surrendered to Wm III's forces commanded by Ginkel.  A Gem colony from the Palatinate (qv) was settled btwn L City and Newcastle West in 1709.  Baronies: Clanwilliam, Upm and Lwm Connello, Coomagh, Coshlea, Coshma, Glenquim, Kenry,  Kilmallock, Owneybeg, N Liberties, Puddlebnien, Shanid, Small County.

  067.18  Otto Sands and Eastman, Limericked, Victualers
  183.23  limerick damns
  410.21  from franking machines, limricked
  434.21  ribbons of lace, limenick's disgrace
  444.36  as sure as there's a palatine in Limerick
  595.12  limericks

IMAGE IMAGE NO. DATA

Station      Limerick Station (both for trains and buses), Parnell St.

lim2005-001 (Thursday 4 August) Limerick Station (both for trains and buses), Parnell St.



People's Park      People's Park, etc.

lim2005-002 (Thursday 4 August) The front gate of People's Park, viewed from Perry Square

lim2005-003 (Thursday 4 August) People's Park

lim2005-004 (Thursday 4 August) People's Park

lim2005-005 (Thursday 4 August) Monument of Thomas Spring M.P.( 1820-1832), People's Park

lim2005-007 (Thursday 4 August) Monument of Thomas Spring M.P.( 1820-1832), People's Park

lim2005-008 (Thursday 4 August) A commemorative stone, People's Park

lim2005-009 (Thursday 4 August) People's Park

lim2005-010 (Thursday 4 August) People's Park

lim2005-011 (Thursday 4 August) Perry Square

lim2005-012 (Thursday 4 August) Dominican Church, Glentworth Street



St. John Cathedral      St. John Cathedral, John Square

lim2005-013 (Thursday 4 August) St. John Cathedral, John Sq.

lim2005-014 (Thursday 4 August) Interior of St. John Cathedral, John Sq.

lim2005-016 (Thursday 4 August) Interior of St. John Cathedral, John Sq.

lim2005-017 (Thursday 4 August) Interior of St. John Cathedral, John Sq.

lim2005-018 (Thursday 4 August) Interior of St. John Cathedral, John Sq.

lim2005-019 (Thursday 4 August) Interior of St. John Cathedral, John Sq.

lim2005-020 (Thursday 4 August) Interior of St. John Cathedral, John Sq.



Irish Town      Irish Town City Wall Park

lim2005-021 (Thursday 4 August) Irishtown City Wall Park, established 1997: the remains of the 9th-century Viking castle town

lim2005-022 (Thursday 4 August) Irishtown City Wall Park, established 1997: the remains of the 9th-century Viking castle town

lim2005-023 (Thursday 4 August) Irishtown City Wall Park, established 1997: the remains of the 9th-century Viking castle town

lim2005-024 (Thursday 4 August) Irishtown City Wall Park, established 1997: the remains of the 9th-century Viking castle town

lim2005-025 (Thursday 4 August) Irishtown City Wall Park, established 1997: the remains of the 9th-century Viking castle town

lim2005-026 (Thursday 4 August) Irishtown City Wall Park, established 1997: the remains of the 9th-century Viking castle town



Milk Market      Milk Market, Com Market Row

lim2005-028 (Thursday 4 August) Milk Market, Com Market Row

lim2005-029 (Thursday 4 August) Milk Market, Com Market Row

lim2005-030 (Thursday 4 August) Milk Market, Com Market Row



East Side      East Side of the Shannon River

lim2005-031 (Thursday 4 August) A canal towards River Shannon through Charlottes Quay and Georges Quay

lim2005-032 (Thursday 4 August) A church, Athlunkard St.

lim2005-033 (Thursday 4 August) Interior of the church, Athlunkard St.

lim2005-034 (Thursday 4 August) Interior of the church, Athlunkard St.

lim2005-035 (Thursday 4 August) Interior of the church, Athlunkard St.

lim2005-036 (Thursday 4 August) Interior of the church, Athlunkard St.

lim2005-037 (Thursday 4 August) Interior of the church, Athlunkard St.

lim2005-039 (Thursday 4 August) Interior of the church, Athlunkard St.

lim2005-047 (Thursday 4 August) Stix Reisure Centre and Restaurant, Nicholas St., near King John's Castle

lim2005-048 (Thursday 4 August) Nicholas St. near King John's Castle

lim2005-049 (Thursday 4 August) "Katy Daly's," a bar & restaurant, Nicholas St., near King John's Castle

lim2005-061 (Thursday 4 August) Sarsfield Street, viewed from Sarsfield Bridge

lim2005-062 (Thursday 4 August) Bedford Row, viewed from Harvey's Quay

lim2005-063 (Thursday 4 August) Harvey's Quay

lim2005-064 (Thursday 4 August) Shannon Street, viewed from Harvey's Quay

lim2005-065 (Thursday 4 August) O'Connell Street, viewed from Shannon Street

lim2005-066 (Thursday 4 August) O'Connell Street, viewed from Shannon Street

lim2005-067 (Thursday 4 August) Catherine Street

lim2005-068 (Thursday 4 August) Telephone Bureau, Roches Street

lim2005-069 (Thursday 4 August) Roches Street

lim2005-070 (Thursday 4 August) Wickham Street



King John's Castle      King John's Castle, Nicholas St.
  Although now known as King John's Castle, in fact the castle's origins can be traced back to the reign of John's father, Henry II.  The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland, spearheaded by Richard de Clare FitzGilbert ("Strongbow"), which commenced in 1169, was characterized by the seizure of the wealthy port towns, beginning with Dublin and Waterford, and the rapid acquisition of the most desirable tracts pf land.  The town of Limerick was already well established by Viking settlers in the 11th century, and by 1169 was thriving commercial centre with its own town wall, and a large population of Ostman citizens (of mixed Irish and Viking race).
  The inspiration behind the construction of the permanent castle at Limerick was King John, who was given the title Lord of Ireland in 1177 by his father, Henry II.  In 1199, John succeeded to the throne on the death of his brother, Richard.  King John established a number of royal castles including Dublin Castle in Ireland but he sis not issue a similar order at Limerick, as a fortification already existed there, but during his reign Limerick Castle was enlarged and made a royal possession.  The castle of Limerick at the time of King John's death in 1216 was very different to the one we see today.
  Limerick Castle reached the apex of its development in the Middle Ages during the reign of King John's grand son, King Edward I (1272-1307).  However, a great deal was accomplished by Edward's father, Henry III (1216-1272).   The most traumatic episode in the history of the castle was ushered in during May and June 1642, and was a consequence of the spreading rebellion sparked off in Ulster in October 1641.  The lives of 280 people were claimed during this time, from a total of around 800 souls in the castle, many of whom were buried in the courtyard when the siege was still in progress.  Again, in 1651 the city was captured by the parliamentarian army led by Henry Ireton, following a grueling six-month siege.  the accession of James II, a Catholic, in 1685, had far-reaching consequences in Limerick.  The Catholic population became predominant, and when James landed in Ireland in 1689, to win his crown back from William III, limerick, including the castle, was secure for him.  Following the surrender of the city after the siege of 1691, further repairs were made to the castle.  Its north side still bears traces of the 1691 bombardment.
  The 18th century was relatively settled in comparison to the upheavals of the period between 1642 and 1691.  In 1809 Colonel Charles Vereker, later 2nd Viscount Gort, became the last constable of Limerick Castle.  In May 1922, the British military finally withdrew from the castle, when custody passed from the Royal Welsh Fusiliers to a Provisional Government force commanded by General Michael Brennan.  Subsequently it fell into Republican hands and the barracks was set on fire on 21 July 1922 before it was retaken.  In 1988, a plan was devised for the comprehensive restoration of the castle as a National Monument, and in early 1990 demolition work commenced and large -scale archaeological excavations took place along the eastern side of the castle.  Another substantial improvement to the castle took place in 1998, when the Castle Lane range of buildings was constructed along the southern side of the castle, providing a new home for the Limerick City Museum. (Main reference: Kenneth Wiggins, King John's Castle: Limerick - Ireland Bringing the Centuries, Limerick: Tom Sheedy & Associates, 2004)

lim2005-040 (Thursday 4 August) King John's Castle, Nicholas St.

lim2005-041 (Thursday 4 August) The interpretative centre, King John's Castle

lim2005-042 (Thursday 4 August) Image of King John, King John's Castle

lim2005-043 (Thursday 4 August) King John's Castle, Nicholas St.

lim2005-044 (Thursday 4 August) King John's Castle, Nicholas St.

lim2005-045 (Thursday 4 August) King John's Castle, viewed from the bridge over River Shannon

lim2005-046 (Thursday 4 August) King John's Castle, viewed from Clancy Rd. across River Shannon



River Shannon

lim2005-050 (Thursday 4 August) River Shannon viewed from Tomond Bridge near King John's Castle

lim2005-051 (Thursday 4 August) River Shanon, viewed northward from Tomond Bridge near King John's Castle

lim2005-052 (Thursday 4 August) River Shannon, viewed northward from Tomond Bridge near King John's Castle

lim2005-053 (Thursday 4 August) River Shannon and Sarsfield Bridge, viewed southward from Clancy Rd.

lim2005-054 (Thursday 4 August) A monument on Sarsfield Bridge over River Shannon



Treaty Stone      [CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd.  In memory of the 1691 treaty in which the English king William III guaranteed the Catholics' freedom and status after Battle of Boyne in 1690 (the Limerick Treaty 1691).  However, the English parliament never acknowledged the treaty and enacted the law of controlling the Irish Catholics: The English troops invaded the unarmed Ireland who believed the treaty.  Thus the stone became the symbol of England's betrayal.
  Joyce knew the treaty and this treaty stone very well: "Remember Limerick and the broken treatystone" (U12.1380-81).  Cf. also "Ireland, Island of Saints and Sages," (1907, Critical Writings, pp. 168 &171; see above).

lim2005-055 (Thursday 4 August) [CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd

lim2005-058 (Thursday 4 August) [CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd.

lim2005-059 (Thursday 4 August) [CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd.

lim2005-060 (Thursday 4 August) [CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd.  The pedestal of the stone was erected in May 1865 by Mayor John Rickard Tinsley.

Maintained by Eishiro Ito

IMAGE	IMAGE NO.	DATA
Station		Limerick Station (both for trains and buses), Parnell St.
	lim2005-001	(Thursday 4 August) Limerick Station (both for trains and buses), Parnell St.

People's Park		People's Park, etc.
	lim2005-002	(Thursday 4 August) The front gate of People's Park, viewed from Perry Square
	lim2005-003	(Thursday 4 August) People's Park
	lim2005-004	(Thursday 4 August) People's Park
	lim2005-005	(Thursday 4 August) Monument of Thomas Spring M.P.( 1820-1832), People's Park
	lim2005-007	(Thursday 4 August) Monument of Thomas Spring M.P.( 1820-1832), People's Park
	lim2005-008	(Thursday 4 August) A commemorative stone, People's Park
	lim2005-009	(Thursday 4 August) People's Park
	lim2005-010	(Thursday 4 August) People's Park
	lim2005-011	(Thursday 4 August) Perry Square
	lim2005-012	(Thursday 4 August) Dominican Church, Glentworth Street

St. John Cathedral		St. John Cathedral, John Square
	lim2005-013	(Thursday 4 August) St. John Cathedral, John Sq.
	lim2005-014	(Thursday 4 August) Interior of St. John Cathedral, John Sq.
	lim2005-016	(Thursday 4 August) Interior of St. John Cathedral, John Sq.
	lim2005-017	(Thursday 4 August) Interior of St. John Cathedral, John Sq.
	lim2005-018	(Thursday 4 August) Interior of St. John Cathedral, John Sq.
	lim2005-019	(Thursday 4 August) Interior of St. John Cathedral, John Sq.
	lim2005-020	(Thursday 4 August) Interior of St. John Cathedral, John Sq.

Irish Town		Irish Town City Wall Park
	lim2005-021	(Thursday 4 August) Irishtown City Wall Park, established 1997: the remains of the 9th-century Viking castle town
	lim2005-022	(Thursday 4 August) Irishtown City Wall Park, established 1997: the remains of the 9th-century Viking castle town
	lim2005-023	(Thursday 4 August) Irishtown City Wall Park, established 1997: the remains of the 9th-century Viking castle town
	lim2005-024	(Thursday 4 August) Irishtown City Wall Park, established 1997: the remains of the 9th-century Viking castle town
	lim2005-025	(Thursday 4 August) Irishtown City Wall Park, established 1997: the remains of the 9th-century Viking castle town
	lim2005-026	(Thursday 4 August) Irishtown City Wall Park, established 1997: the remains of the 9th-century Viking castle town

Milk Market		Milk Market, Com Market Row
	lim2005-028	(Thursday 4 August) Milk Market, Com Market Row
	lim2005-029	(Thursday 4 August) Milk Market, Com Market Row
	lim2005-030	(Thursday 4 August) Milk Market, Com Market Row

East Side		East Side of the Shannon River
	lim2005-031	(Thursday 4 August) A canal towards River Shannon through Charlottes Quay and Georges Quay
	lim2005-032	(Thursday 4 August) A church, Athlunkard St.
	lim2005-033	(Thursday 4 August) Interior of the church, Athlunkard St.
	lim2005-034	(Thursday 4 August) Interior of the church, Athlunkard St.
	lim2005-035	(Thursday 4 August) Interior of the church, Athlunkard St.
	lim2005-036	(Thursday 4 August) Interior of the church, Athlunkard St.
	lim2005-037	(Thursday 4 August) Interior of the church, Athlunkard St.
	lim2005-039	(Thursday 4 August) Interior of the church, Athlunkard St.
	lim2005-047	(Thursday 4 August) Stix Reisure Centre and Restaurant, Nicholas St., near King John's Castle
	lim2005-048	(Thursday 4 August) Nicholas St. near King John's Castle
	lim2005-049	(Thursday 4 August) "Katy Daly's," a bar & restaurant, Nicholas St., near King John's Castle
	lim2005-061	(Thursday 4 August) Sarsfield Street, viewed from Sarsfield Bridge
	lim2005-062	(Thursday 4 August) Bedford Row, viewed from Harvey's Quay
	lim2005-063	(Thursday 4 August) Harvey's Quay
	lim2005-064	(Thursday 4 August) Shannon Street, viewed from Harvey's Quay
	lim2005-065	(Thursday 4 August) O'Connell Street, viewed from Shannon Street
	lim2005-066	(Thursday 4 August) O'Connell Street, viewed from Shannon Street
	lim2005-067	(Thursday 4 August) Catherine Street
	lim2005-068	(Thursday 4 August) Telephone Bureau, Roches Street
	lim2005-069	(Thursday 4 August) Roches Street
	lim2005-070	(Thursday 4 August) Wickham Street

King John's Castle		King John's Castle, Nicholas St. Although now known as King John's Castle, in fact the castle's origins can be traced back to the reign of John's father, Henry II. The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland, spearheaded by Richard de Clare FitzGilbert ("Strongbow"), which commenced in 1169, was characterized by the seizure of the wealthy port towns, beginning with Dublin and Waterford, and the rapid acquisition of the most desirable tracts pf land. The town of Limerick was already well established by Viking settlers in the 11th century, and by 1169 was thriving commercial centre with its own town wall, and a large population of Ostman citizens (of mixed Irish and Viking race). The inspiration behind the construction of the permanent castle at Limerick was King John, who was given the title Lord of Ireland in 1177 by his father, Henry II. In 1199, John succeeded to the throne on the death of his brother, Richard. King John established a number of royal castles including Dublin Castle in Ireland but he sis not issue a similar order at Limerick, as a fortification already existed there, but during his reign Limerick Castle was enlarged and made a royal possession. The castle of Limerick at the time of King John's death in 1216 was very different to the one we see today. Limerick Castle reached the apex of its development in the Middle Ages during the reign of King John's grand son, King Edward I (1272-1307). However, a great deal was accomplished by Edward's father, Henry III (1216-1272). The most traumatic episode in the history of the castle was ushered in during May and June 1642, and was a consequence of the spreading rebellion sparked off in Ulster in October 1641. The lives of 280 people were claimed during this time, from a total of around 800 souls in the castle, many of whom were buried in the courtyard when the siege was still in progress. Again, in 1651 the city was captured by the parliamentarian army led by Henry Ireton, following a grueling six-month siege. the accession of James II, a Catholic, in 1685, had far-reaching consequences in Limerick. The Catholic population became predominant, and when James landed in Ireland in 1689, to win his crown back from William III, limerick, including the castle, was secure for him. Following the surrender of the city after the siege of 1691, further repairs were made to the castle. Its north side still bears traces of the 1691 bombardment. The 18th century was relatively settled in comparison to the upheavals of the period between 1642 and 1691. In 1809 Colonel Charles Vereker, later 2nd Viscount Gort, became the last constable of Limerick Castle. In May 1922, the British military finally withdrew from the castle, when custody passed from the Royal Welsh Fusiliers to a Provisional Government force commanded by General Michael Brennan. Subsequently it fell into Republican hands and the barracks was set on fire on 21 July 1922 before it was retaken. In 1988, a plan was devised for the comprehensive restoration of the castle as a National Monument, and in early 1990 demolition work commenced and large -scale archaeological excavations took place along the eastern side of the castle. Another substantial improvement to the castle took place in 1998, when the Castle Lane range of buildings was constructed along the southern side of the castle, providing a new home for the Limerick City Museum. (Main reference: Kenneth Wiggins, King John's Castle: Limerick - Ireland Bringing the Centuries, Limerick: Tom Sheedy & Associates, 2004)
	lim2005-040	(Thursday 4 August) King John's Castle, Nicholas St.
	lim2005-041	(Thursday 4 August) The interpretative centre, King John's Castle
	lim2005-042	(Thursday 4 August) Image of King John, King John's Castle
	lim2005-043	(Thursday 4 August) King John's Castle, Nicholas St.
	lim2005-044	(Thursday 4 August) King John's Castle, Nicholas St.
	lim2005-045	(Thursday 4 August) King John's Castle, viewed from the bridge over River Shannon
	lim2005-046	(Thursday 4 August) King John's Castle, viewed from Clancy Rd. across River Shannon

River Shannon
	lim2005-050	(Thursday 4 August) River Shannon viewed from Tomond Bridge near King John's Castle
	lim2005-051	(Thursday 4 August) River Shanon, viewed northward from Tomond Bridge near King John's Castle
	lim2005-052	(Thursday 4 August) River Shannon, viewed northward from Tomond Bridge near King John's Castle
	lim2005-053	(Thursday 4 August) River Shannon and Sarsfield Bridge, viewed southward from Clancy Rd.
	lim2005-054	(Thursday 4 August) A monument on Sarsfield Bridge over River Shannon

Treaty Stone		[CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd. In memory of the 1691 treaty in which the English king William III guaranteed the Catholics' freedom and status after Battle of Boyne in 1690 (the Limerick Treaty 1691). However, the English parliament never acknowledged the treaty and enacted the law of controlling the Irish Catholics: The English troops invaded the unarmed Ireland who believed the treaty. Thus the stone became the symbol of England's betrayal. Joyce knew the treaty and this treaty stone very well: "Remember Limerick and the broken treatystone" (U12.1380-81). Cf. also "Ireland, Island of Saints and Sages," (1907, Critical Writings, pp. 168 &171; see above).
	lim2005-055	(Thursday 4 August) [CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd
	lim2005-058	(Thursday 4 August) [CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd.
	lim2005-059	(Thursday 4 August) [CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd.
	lim2005-060	(Thursday 4 August) [CW; U 12.1380-81] Treaty Stone, Clancy Rd. The pedestal of the stone was erected in May 1865 by Mayor John Rickard Tinsley.