The Duplication of "the Creator" and "the creator"
in Ulysses: An Analysis of "Proteus"

Eishiro Ito

(summary)

    James Joyce's Ulysses is set on one day (16th June 1904) in Dublin.  The inner world, like a Labyrinth, emerged from the author's creative chaos which is given the primitive order; the limit of time and space.

    In the Bible, God said on the first day of the Creation, "Let there be light," and there was light in the darkness.  On the fourth day, there came lights in the vault of the heavens to separate day from night, and thereby "a day" was created.  The word "day" originally means the time from sunrise to sunset in the narrow sense, so the sunlight is important in this article.  It is concerned with the act of "creation."

    In the 3rd episode "Proteus," Stephen took a walk along Sandymount strand, trying to shut his eyes and see.  By doing this, he refused the sunlight and succeeded to avoid the "ineluctable modality of the visible"(i.e., color).  At first, shutting his eyes, he was creating a poem, relying on "the ineluctable modality of the audible"(i.e., rythm): he wanted to be a Demiurge.  He, however, gradually couldn't endure to do such a thing, and eventually opened his eyes.  He made seven poems in this episode, meditating all aspects of sunlight in a day, and he scribbled the last poem, "turning his back to the sun" in the last scene.  He seems to have come to the conclusion that one needs eyesight to see things for his artistic creation.

    Stephen's theory is based on Platoniusm, in respects of identifying God with an artist, and of not denying Demiurge throughlt.  He created a fragment of Ulysses within the etxt itself.  So we can regard Stephen the creator as the image of Joyce the Creator.
 
 

The full version is available in TOHOKU XXVI
(The Department of English, the Graduate School of Tohoku Gakuin University, January 1992)



 
 
 

                                                     


 



 



        


Copyright (c) 1992 Eishiro Ito.  All rights reserved.